Energy saving.The efficiency of the use of energy resources.

Today, energy savings is one of the priority areas of policies and companies aimed at dynamic development, both in terms of reducing the cost of the production of main products, and in accordance with the general orientation of government programs aimed at reducing capacity production.Energy conservation is one of the most important tasks for every company that particularly faced companies, during the economic crisis.The technological and economic characteristics of the centralized heat consumers are directly related to the topic - heat energy.However, this is not the only factor that affects specifics.Effective energy conservation can significantly reduce production costs and, as a result, increase its competitiveness in markets.

There are a large number of different methods of increasing the rational use of existing energy resources and capacities.And as soon as possible the introduction of energy technologies begins, which will faster the positive effect of these events that will be expressed in certain financial indicators."On preserving energy and on increasing energy efficiency and the amendments to certain legislative acts."The law is the tasks of implementing measures aimed at reducing energy costs, namely:

• From 1. January 2010. It is obliged to ensure the comparable amount of water, natural gas, heating oil, diesel and other fuel, in fact in 2009. years, each of the above reductions in such scope for at least three percent;
• Until 01. January 2011. The owners of buildings, structure, structure and other facilities are used to complete such facilities, electricity used measuring devices, as well as commissioning to drive to the installed measurement devices;
• By May 15, 2010, organizations with the state participation, including state and municipal institutions must accept energy conservation programs and increase energy efficiency;
• Organizations with state participation, including state and municipal institutions are obliged to organize and implement the first energy exam by 31. December 2012, subsequent energy - at least once in five years.

Energy saving as a way to provide growing energy needs and energy resources is more cost-effective than the construction of new capacities for the production of thermal and electricity in the same needs.For our population, the high growth rate of the internal energy prices and energy raw materials and the development of fuel and the energy complex is unacceptable, because labor productivity and levels are lower than the most developed countries.Price growth prices must not exceed the growth rate of work productivity.Otherwise, inflation will increase in the country to the extent in which the costs of energy bearers grow.The moked global economic crisis, which captured the world almost without trace, included a special importance to increasing energy efficiency, because each laundry invested in the production of highly efficient equipment is 8 times more work from laundry.The concept of energy growth in the Economics of the Earth should consist of 4 parts:

• Energy protection programs;
• Energy price stabilization (for which trust and interconnection should be ensured between producers, consumers and energy transit);
• Increasing the role of atomic and non-traditional renewable energy;
• Development of new energy technologies.

In recent years, radical changes in our country have occurred, which requires a change in access and psychology, making a new decision basically.The most important of them include: a) a cardinal change of the legal field;b) continuous liberalization in the electric management industry and the gas industry;c) Implementation of national projects;d) the appearance of the global systemic lack of energy capacities and the capacity of the network economy;e) carbon constraints.

Efficiency of the use of energy resources

Modern large companies is interested in reducing product costs to attract customers.And to reduce costs, the entire production chain should be reorganized, the efficiency of energy resources use is checked.This is very important, because various energy resources are used in production.It can be electricity, warmth and other resources.There are different methods for more efficient use.First of all, it is necessary to solve the psychological problem, which is a serious obstacle to the economy of electricity, ie workers do not have interest in the economic use of resources.Another problem is the unwillingness of the manager of the company to reorganize the entire production process for efficient use of energy resources.Thus, the process of reducing energy costs is achieved in different ways:

• Enterprise reorganization and all production;
• gradual reconstruction of the production process;
• Determination of energy conservation potential;
• Implementation of the program for efficient use of energy resources;
• Periodically technological research of companies.

In large companies with their energy protection experts, energy audit programs are meeting themselves with the involvement of experts from regional energy protection centers.In small and medium enterprises, energy audit programs develop experts from regional or republican centers for energy protection.These programs should have several phases:

Evaluation of energy conservation potential.At this stage, the detailed testing of energy consumption of all major energy consumers, workshops and the entire company for at least 5 years precedes the examined year.Data are processed on the computer, and models of mathematical energy consumption were built.The latter are necessary to take dependence on energy consumption, temperature, quality of raw materials, etc.After processing the survey results, including the following information: including the following information:

• Consumption of basic energy resources (fuel, electricity, heat and water), absolutely and specifically, awarded the unit of the main types of products;
• Consumption of basic energy resources for similar attitudes, workshops and companies of this industry abroad (helps to establish a situation with energy consumption in an analyzed company: good, medium, bad, very bad);
• Energy conservation potential, expressed in natural (kW · h, gj, t) and cash calculus;
• Chief ways to reduce energy costs in similar domestic and foreign companies (methods for achieving, costs, repayment periods, etc.).

Often, the control overview allows you to identify the immediate energy savings reserves (for example, improper effects of electric lighting, bad fastening, large heat and electric losses, etc.).In most cases, the survey control data are needed to develop a strategy for energy saving.Organization of accounting for energy consumption.Studies show that the correct organization of energy consumption accounting can save 5 ... 10% energy resources without additional measures.The best result is achieved in organizing the Energy Center in the company, which contains a central computer with appropriate software, network of energy consumption data and primary devices (meters and sensors).

Depending on the enterprise scale and the value of energy consumption, these elements of the Energy Center should be selected.Thus, for large companies (metallurgical, chemical, automotive), economically advisable to create complex and expensive energy centers.A relatively cheap computer with simple software is suitable for small businesses.Therefore, the organization of control over energy resources consumption is the first and most important step towards their rational management management:

• Identification of workshops and sections that reveal energy resources within the company;
• Detailed audit of the account issued by companies with energy supply organizations;
• Identifying the most effective ways of working equipment and maintaining these ways for more time;
• Strict quantitative assessment of the efficiency of various energy measures in natural (GJ, KWNC, etc.) and monetary conditions.

Development and implementation of measures to reduce severe consumption. Despite the differences in the structures of industrial plants and the method of their work, the potential energy conservation opportunities are similar in them.Can be grouped in these categories:

• Work and maintenance strategy;
• Strategy for modernization of equipment and technological processes;
• Strategy for replacing existing equipment with new, less energy - connected and introducing new technologies.

For example, the current energy consumption of the company is accepted for the initial situation before the implementation of energy protection programs.Based on the analysis of existing opportunities, check figures for reducing energy consumption, at the end of the energy consumption, is at the end of the energy consumption.An important aspect of the implementation of the program is the problem of motivating the company's staff for its implementation.Information on energy conservation program should be in an accessible form that all performers who participate in it were brought in it.All program executors should know that they will receive the actual reward in the implementation of their phases.When developing energy saving measures, the PP must be borne in mind that there are following areas of savings:

• ter savings by improving energy supply;
• Savings TED improving energy -zer.

These measures develop energy engineers.The main ones are:

The right choice of energy brackets.Each process requires such a power carrier that provides the greatest energy and economic effect.For example, for furnaces and heating plants, the direct use of fuel and electric heating should be compared;For smithing and pressed equipment-electricity, compressed air and pair (if available in the company).Energy type is selected by comparing options and comprehensive analysis of the following factors:

• Technology requirements (change in product quality, raw material consumption, etc.);
• Economic differences in the design and operating conditions of the equipment;
• Costs of comparison energy;
• availability of necessary equipment;
• Required time to replace equipment;
• Economic effect of the use of VR, the costs of environmental protection measures.

The cost of options considered is determined by the expression z = urgent + IP + eudpzud.e - σδzAnd,

Where KP Capital Costs for this technological installation without taking into account installing costs VER;IP - operating costs without the energy component;EUD - Special energy resources consumption;P - annual production of products;ZUD - upper specific energy costs;And - Performance performance.For the current company, the assessment of comparative options for current energy tariffs is allowed if the costs of the event are covered by the Company Fund.

1. Reducing the number of energy transformations.Since each energy transformation is associated with losses, less consistent energy transformations are subjected, which is greater general efficiency.Economically, for example, it is recommended to replace the compressed air with electricity everywhere where it is possible in accordance with technological conditions.
2. Development of rational energy saving schemes.The preservation scheme of the plant is a complex complex in which individual energy carriers are interdependent and often replaceable.Development of a comprehensive supply scheme, associated with technology and taking into account the technologically needed parameters of all energy brackets, will reveal savings reserves and show sequence of their application.
3. Automation of energy supply units.This includes measures such as heating units automation, boiler room, substation and introduction of television and automatic control of energy parameters of different engines and circuits.
4. Improving the quality of energy resources.Any change in energy resource parameters (pressure, temperature, humidity, sulfurity, ash, electricity quality, etc.) leads to deteriorating quality products and overcrowages of energy resources.

Thermal energy losses are classified in technological;commercial;Urgent.This indicator is calculated in a company for one heating season, taking into account the costs of production and climatic conditions last year.The percentage of losses depends on the nature of networks, temperature graphs, pressures, atmospheric temperature.